Vocabulary & Word Study
A. Match the definitions with the corresponding words from the text.
- a. In spite of what has just been said or referred to ➜ Nevertheless
- b. A strong desire or impulse ➜ Urge
- c. The ability to continue trying to do something although it is very difficult ➜ Determination
- d. To attract attention to or emphasise something important ➜ Highlight
- e. Arguing about things that are not important ➜ Bickering
- f. Not having things or conditions that are usually considered necessary ➜ Deprivation
- g. To continue to exist ➜ Persist
- h. Soft, loose flesh on a person’s body ➜ Flab
- i. To improve or increase something ➜ Boost
- j. A limiting condition placed on something ➜ Restriction
Use the same words in sentences of your own.
a. Nevertheless: Rain began to pour heavily; nevertheless, the team pressed forward with the expedition.
b. Urge: She fought off a sudden urge to interrupt the speaker mid-sentence.
c. Determination: Unwavering determination allowed him to overcome every academic obstacle.
d. Highlight: The report serves to highlight several key areas requiring policy reform.
e. Bickering: Constant petty bickering between siblings can drain household harmony.
f. Deprivation: Prolonged sleep deprivation severely hinders cognitive performance and mood.
g. Persist: Should the fever persist beyond forty-eight hours, consult a physician promptly.
h. Flab: Consistent resistance training helps replace body flab with lean muscle tone.
i. Boost: Positive feedback can significantly boost a student's confidence levels.
j. Restriction: The city council placed a strict restriction on building heights downtown.
B. Make a list of words ending in “-ion” and “-ness”.
Words ending in “-ion”: Pollution, Invention, Solution, Substitution, Partition, Evolution, Education, Communication, Restriction, Determination, Celebration, Protection, Information, Construction, Vaccination.
Words ending in “-ness”: Politeness, Goodness, Badness, Usefulness, Kindness, Awareness, Happiness, Sadness, Darkness, Weakness, Carelessness, Fitness, Illness, Laziness, Freshness.
Comprehension & Text Analysis
A. Write whether the following statements are True, False, or Not Given.
- a. During holidays, people eat and drink more than usual. ➜ True
- b. Getting too little exercise and eating too much causes people to gain weight. ➜ True
- c. David Allison’s research involved studying rats under laboratory conditions. ➜ False
- d. You may need to go shopping for clothes if you catch a cold. ➜ True
- e. Adenovirus-36 decreases the percentage of fat in fat cells. ➜ False
- f. Vaccination against infections could be used in the future to prevent obesity. ➜ True
- g. People under severe stress can experience breathing difficulties. ➜ Not Given
- h. A study indicates that mice that have never been on a diet choose fatty food when given a choice between high-calorie and low-calorie food. ➜ False
- i. Rajita Sinha has been studying the connection between brain activity and behaviour. ➜ False
- j. Specific hormones regulate our appetite. ➜ True
B. Answer the following questions.
a. In what sense are holidays a time of excess? When can a person gain weight?
Answer: Festive periods often prompt individuals to indulge in richer food and drinks than customary. Weight gain occurs whenever net caloric intake consistently exceeds the body's daily metabolic output.
Answer: Festive periods often prompt individuals to indulge in richer food and drinks than customary. Weight gain occurs whenever net caloric intake consistently exceeds the body's daily metabolic output.
b. According to David Allison, which factors contribute to excess obesity?
Answer: David Allison points to overeating paired with insufficient physical exertion as two primary drivers of excess obesity.
Answer: David Allison points to overeating paired with insufficient physical exertion as two primary drivers of excess obesity.
c. According to Dhurandhar, what can be a way of preventing obesity?
Answer: Dhurandhar suggests that developing targeted vaccines against specific obesity-linked viral infections could offer a preventative route in the future.
Answer: Dhurandhar suggests that developing targeted vaccines against specific obesity-linked viral infections could offer a preventative route in the future.
d. What is the relationship between being calm and obesity? How can saying “Om” help reduce obesity?
Answer: Maintaining mental tranquility minimizes stress-induced hunger spikes that trigger cravings for high-calorie comfort foods. Chanting "Om" or engaging in meditative breathing calms the nervous system, curbing impulse eating driven by anxiety.
Answer: Maintaining mental tranquility minimizes stress-induced hunger spikes that trigger cravings for high-calorie comfort foods. Chanting "Om" or engaging in meditative breathing calms the nervous system, curbing impulse eating driven by anxiety.
e. Why is it necessary to be careful while buying fatty foods packaged in plastic?
Answer: Many plastic containers house endocrine-disrupting compounds that leach into lipid-rich items, potentially altering hormonal balances that regulate fat storage and metabolism.
Answer: Many plastic containers house endocrine-disrupting compounds that leach into lipid-rich items, potentially altering hormonal balances that regulate fat storage and metabolism.
f. Why does Nelson suggest avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night?
Answer: Blue spectrum light disrupts night-time melatonin production, throwing off circadian rhythms and impairing metabolic functions linked to weight management.
Answer: Blue spectrum light disrupts night-time melatonin production, throwing off circadian rhythms and impairing metabolic functions linked to weight management.
g. How does breathing polluted air affect a person’s weight?
Answer: Inhaling airborne pollutants triggers systemic inflammation, interfering with standard metabolic efficiency and promoting energy storage as fat.
Answer: Inhaling airborne pollutants triggers systemic inflammation, interfering with standard metabolic efficiency and promoting energy storage as fat.
h. What is the relationship between sleep and body weight?
Answer: Rest and weight control are closely tied; inadequate sleep disrupts ghrelin and leptin balances, driving up appetite signals and elevating risks of weight gain.
Answer: Rest and weight control are closely tied; inadequate sleep disrupts ghrelin and leptin balances, driving up appetite signals and elevating risks of weight gain.
Critical Thinking & Analysis
a. What do you do to keep yourself fit? What foods do you avoid and why?
Answer: Preserving wellness demands a deliberate routine incorporating physical conditioning, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest. Daily routines involve light cardiovascular movement, targeted stretching, and remaining hydrated throughout the day.
Highly processed snacks, artificial sodas, and items laden with trans-fats are intentionally excluded from meals. These options contain empty calories that trigger systemic inflammation, lethargy, and long-term metabolic strain. Instead, emphasis is placed on whole grains, fresh produce, and lean protein sources to sustain physical vitality.
Highly processed snacks, artificial sodas, and items laden with trans-fats are intentionally excluded from meals. These options contain empty calories that trigger systemic inflammation, lethargy, and long-term metabolic strain. Instead, emphasis is placed on whole grains, fresh produce, and lean protein sources to sustain physical vitality.
b. “Healthy citizens are the greatest asset of a country.” What can a state do to keep its citizens healthy?
Answer: A nation's productivity and prosperity stem directly from the physical and mental well-being of its population. Governments must treat public health as a foundational infrastructure priority rather than a secondary luxury.
To support population health, state institutions should expand accessible healthcare networks, fund preventative immunization campaigns, mandate stringent environmental regulations against air/water pollution, and support public recreational spaces. Furthermore, integrating health literacy into school curricula empowers communities to make informed choices around diet, hygiene, and wellness.
To support population health, state institutions should expand accessible healthcare networks, fund preventative immunization campaigns, mandate stringent environmental regulations against air/water pollution, and support public recreational spaces. Furthermore, integrating health literacy into school curricula empowers communities to make informed choices around diet, hygiene, and wellness.
Writing Tasks
a. Yoga is beneficial for physical and mental health. Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.
Harmonizing Mind and Body: The Holistic Power of Yoga
Yoga represents a centuries-old discipline that unifies movement, deliberate breathwork, and mental focus. Far beyond a mere physical routine, it offers a structured framework for cultivating overall vitality and emotional stability in modern life.
On a physical level, practicing yoga postures enhances core strength, joint mobility, posture, and muscular endurance. Regular sessions boost cardiovascular circulation, aid digestive health, and alleviate chronic back strain caused by sedentary routines.
Mentally, yoga serves as an effective countermeasure against chronic stress and mental fatigue. Breath-centered meditation reduces cortisol spikes, calms an overactive nervous system, and builds resilience against anxiety. Students and professionals alike benefit from the heightened focus and mental clarity it yields.
In summary, yoga provides an accessible, low-cost path toward sustainable health. Integrating this ancient practice into daily routines fosters balance, emotional grounding, and long-term physical well-being.
On a physical level, practicing yoga postures enhances core strength, joint mobility, posture, and muscular endurance. Regular sessions boost cardiovascular circulation, aid digestive health, and alleviate chronic back strain caused by sedentary routines.
Mentally, yoga serves as an effective countermeasure against chronic stress and mental fatigue. Breath-centered meditation reduces cortisol spikes, calms an overactive nervous system, and builds resilience against anxiety. Students and professionals alike benefit from the heightened focus and mental clarity it yields.
In summary, yoga provides an accessible, low-cost path toward sustainable health. Integrating this ancient practice into daily routines fosters balance, emotional grounding, and long-term physical well-being.
b. How can a person remain mentally healthy? Give ten tips for staying mentally fresh and healthy.
Maintaining psychological equilibrium requires intentional habits that shield the brain from burnout and chronic distress. Here are ten practical guidelines for maintaining mental health:
1. Prioritize Quality Sleep: Maintain consistent sleep patterns to allow cognitive recovery.
2. Nutritional Support: Fuel the body with whole foods rich in essential vitamins to support neurotransmitter health.
3. Daily Movement: Engage in light-to-moderate exercise to release endorphins that elevate mood.
4. Structured Breaks: Step away from work tasks periodically to reset attention spans.
5. Substance Awareness: Avoid overreliance on stimulants, alcohol, or unprescribed substances.
6. Natural Light Exposure: Spend time outdoors to regulate circadian cycles and support vitamin D synthesis.
7. Stress Reduction Techniques: Practice mindfulness, journaling, or deep-breathing methods.
8. Pursue Personal Hobbies: Dedicate regular time to creative or relaxing pursuits.
9. Cultivate Social Connections: Maintain open communication lines with supportive friends and family.
10. Seek Professional Support: Consult mental health practitioners when facing overwhelming emotional challenges.
1. Prioritize Quality Sleep: Maintain consistent sleep patterns to allow cognitive recovery.
2. Nutritional Support: Fuel the body with whole foods rich in essential vitamins to support neurotransmitter health.
3. Daily Movement: Engage in light-to-moderate exercise to release endorphins that elevate mood.
4. Structured Breaks: Step away from work tasks periodically to reset attention spans.
5. Substance Awareness: Avoid overreliance on stimulants, alcohol, or unprescribed substances.
6. Natural Light Exposure: Spend time outdoors to regulate circadian cycles and support vitamin D synthesis.
7. Stress Reduction Techniques: Practice mindfulness, journaling, or deep-breathing methods.
8. Pursue Personal Hobbies: Dedicate regular time to creative or relaxing pursuits.
9. Cultivate Social Connections: Maintain open communication lines with supportive friends and family.
10. Seek Professional Support: Consult mental health practitioners when facing overwhelming emotional challenges.
Grammar & Subject-Verb Agreement
B. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets.
a. Everyone has problems in their life. Countries also have problems, and so does the world. One of the greatest problems is the growing population. The population in some countries is huge.
b. A number of my friends love riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister owns a cycle. At four o’clock, either my mother or my father is coming to pick me up in a car.
c. The pair of shoes on the floor is mine. The shoes were made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them was worth it.
C. State whether the following sentences are correct. If they are incorrect, rewrite them correctly.
a. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefits.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Every one of the workers receives the same benefits.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Every one of the workers receives the same benefits.
b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: There are two gerbils in my bathroom.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: There are two gerbils in my bathroom.
c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
Status: Correct
Correction: Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
Status: Correct
Correction: Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Scissors are used to cut hair.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Scissors are used to cut hair.
e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.
Status: Correct
Correction: You and your friends are welcome to join us.
Status: Correct
Correction: You and your friends are welcome to join us.
f. Are the news on at five or six?
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Is the news on at five or six?
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Is the news on at five or six?
g. The man with all his children live in the city.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: The man with all his children lives in the city.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: The man with all his children lives in the city.
h. Mathematics are Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Mathematics is Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Mathematics is Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.
