A. Match the definitions with the corresponding words from the text.
- a. In spite of what has just been said or referred to ➜ Nevertheless
- b. A strong desire or impulse ➜ Urge
- c. The ability to continue trying to do something although it is very difficult ➜ Determination
- d. To attract attention to or emphasise something important ➜ Highlight
- e. Arguing about things that are not important ➜ Bickering
- f. Not having things or conditions that are usually considered necessary ➜ Deprivation
- g. To continue to exist ➜ Persist
- h. Soft, loose flesh on a person’s body ➜ Flab
- i. To improve or increase something ➜ Boost
- j. A limiting condition placed on something ➜ Restriction
Use the same words in sentences of your own.
a. Nevertheless: Nevertheless, the idea of improving animal breeds is gaining popularity.
b. Urge: She fought back the urge to run away.
c. Determination: Her determination motivated her to stand up to the bully.
d. Highlight: Do you know what he highlighted in red?
e. Bickering: He was tired of the constant bickering in his family.
f. Deprivation: The programme focuses on areas suffering from severe deprivation.
g. Persist: If the symptoms persist, contact your doctor.
h. Flab: Regular exercise can help people reduce excess flab.
i. Boost: Drama activities boost the communication skills of students.
j. Restriction: The government imposed restrictions on unnecessary travel.
B. Make a list of words ending in “-ion” and “-ness”.
Words ending in “-ion”: Pollution, Invention, Solution, Substitution, Partition, Evolution, Education, Communication, Restriction, Determination, Celebration, Protection, Information, Construction, Vaccination.
Words ending in “-ness”: Politeness, Goodness, Badness, Usefulness, Kindness, Awareness, Happiness, Sadness, Darkness, Weakness, Carelessness, Fitness, Illness, Laziness, Freshness.
Comprehension
A. Write whether the following statements are True, False, or Not Given.
- a. During holidays, people eat and drink more than usual. ➜ True
- b. Getting too little exercise and eating too much causes people to gain weight. ➜ True
- c. David Allison’s research involved studying rats under laboratory conditions. ➜ False
- d. You may need to go shopping for clothes if you catch a cold. ➜ True
- e. Adenovirus-36 decreases the percentage of fat in fat cells. ➜ False
- f. Vaccination against infections could be used in the future to prevent obesity. ➜ True
- g. People under severe stress can experience breathing difficulties. ➜ Not Given
- h. A study indicates that mice that have never been on a diet choose fatty food when given a choice between high-calorie and low-calorie food. ➜ False
- i. Rajita Sinha has been studying the connection between brain activity and behaviour. ➜ False
- j. Specific hormones regulate our appetite. ➜ True
B. Answer the following questions.
a. In what sense are holidays a time of excess? When can a person gain weight?
Answer: Holidays are considered a time of excess because people usually eat and drink more than they normally do. A person can gain weight when they consume more calories than their body burns, especially when they eat too much and exercise too little.
Answer: Holidays are considered a time of excess because people usually eat and drink more than they normally do. A person can gain weight when they consume more calories than their body burns, especially when they eat too much and exercise too little.
b. According to David Allison, which factors contribute to excess obesity?
Answer: According to David Allison, overeating and insufficient physical exercise are two major factors that contribute to excess obesity.
Answer: According to David Allison, overeating and insufficient physical exercise are two major factors that contribute to excess obesity.
c. According to Dhurandhar, what can be a way of preventing obesity?
Answer: According to Dhurandhar, vaccination against certain infections may become a possible way of preventing obesity in the future.
Answer: According to Dhurandhar, vaccination against certain infections may become a possible way of preventing obesity in the future.
d. What is the relationship between being calm and obesity? How can saying “Om” help reduce obesity?
Answer: Remaining calm can help reduce stress-related eating. Stress often creates an urge to consume high-calorie food. Saying “Om” and practising meditation can calm the mind, reduce stress, and help people control unnecessary eating habits.
Answer: Remaining calm can help reduce stress-related eating. Stress often creates an urge to consume high-calorie food. Saying “Om” and practising meditation can calm the mind, reduce stress, and help people control unnecessary eating habits.
e. Why is it necessary to be careful while buying fatty foods packaged in plastic?
Answer: It is necessary to be careful while buying fatty foods packaged in plastic because some plastics contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals may interfere with hormones, metabolism, and the body’s ability to control weight.
Answer: It is necessary to be careful while buying fatty foods packaged in plastic because some plastics contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals may interfere with hormones, metabolism, and the body’s ability to control weight.
f. Why does Nelson suggest avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night?
Answer: Nelson suggests avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night because exposure to such light may disturb the body’s natural sleep cycle. Poor sleep can affect metabolism and may contribute to weight gain.
Answer: Nelson suggests avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night because exposure to such light may disturb the body’s natural sleep cycle. Poor sleep can affect metabolism and may contribute to weight gain.
g. How does breathing polluted air affect a person’s weight?
Answer: Breathing polluted air may increase obesity because pollution can cause chronic inflammation and disturb the body’s ability to burn energy efficiently.
Answer: Breathing polluted air may increase obesity because pollution can cause chronic inflammation and disturb the body’s ability to burn energy efficiently.
h. What is the relationship between sleep and body weight?
Answer: Sleep and body weight are closely related. Sleep deprivation affects hormones that regulate appetite and may increase hunger. Therefore, inadequate sleep can contribute to weight gain.
Answer: Sleep and body weight are closely related. Sleep deprivation affects hormones that regulate appetite and may increase hunger. Therefore, inadequate sleep can contribute to weight gain.
Critical Thinking
a. What do you do to keep yourself fit? What foods do you avoid and why?
Answer: Staying fit improves both physical and mental health. It increases energy, strengthens the body, reduces stress, and protects us from various diseases. Maintaining fitness requires regular exercise, healthy food, sufficient sleep, and personal discipline.
I exercise regularly and follow a balanced diet to keep myself healthy. I walk, stretch, and perform light physical exercises every day. I also drink enough water and try to get sufficient sleep.
I avoid junk food and foods that contain excessive sugar, salt, and fat. Such foods include doughnuts, cakes, cookies, soft drinks, processed meat, packaged snacks, and food prepared with hydrogenated oil.
Junk food has poor nutritional value and contains large amounts of sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fat. Frequent consumption can lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and fatigue. Even regular exercise cannot fully compensate for an unhealthy diet.
Therefore, I try to eat fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, protein-rich foods, and homemade meals. A balanced diet combined with regular physical activity is essential for a fit and healthy lifestyle.
I exercise regularly and follow a balanced diet to keep myself healthy. I walk, stretch, and perform light physical exercises every day. I also drink enough water and try to get sufficient sleep.
I avoid junk food and foods that contain excessive sugar, salt, and fat. Such foods include doughnuts, cakes, cookies, soft drinks, processed meat, packaged snacks, and food prepared with hydrogenated oil.
Junk food has poor nutritional value and contains large amounts of sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fat. Frequent consumption can lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and fatigue. Even regular exercise cannot fully compensate for an unhealthy diet.
Therefore, I try to eat fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, protein-rich foods, and homemade meals. A balanced diet combined with regular physical activity is essential for a fit and healthy lifestyle.
b. “Healthy citizens are the greatest asset of a country.” What can a state do to keep its citizens healthy?
Answer: Healthy citizens are the foundation of a strong and prosperous country. A nation cannot achieve economic, educational, or social progress if its people are physically and mentally unhealthy.
The success of a government should therefore be measured partly by the health and well-being of its citizens. The state can take the following steps to keep people healthy:
The success of a government should therefore be measured partly by the health and well-being of its citizens. The state can take the following steps to keep people healthy:
- It should provide affordable and accessible healthcare services.
- Hospitals, health posts, and emergency services should be available in rural and urban areas.
- The government should provide free or affordable vaccination against communicable diseases.
- People should be educated about hygiene, nutrition, exercise, and disease prevention.
- Awareness programmes should be conducted through schools, radio, television, and social media.
- The state should ensure access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation.
- Pollution should be controlled through strict environmental laws.
- Nutritious food should be made affordable and available to all citizens.
- Mental health services and counselling should be accessible.
- Public parks, playgrounds, and exercise facilities should be developed.
- Tobacco, alcohol, and harmful drugs should be regulated.
- Regular health check-up programmes should be organised.
Writing
a. Yoga is beneficial for physical and mental health. Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.
Benefits of Yoga
Yoga is an ancient practice that connects the body, mind, and spirit. It includes physical postures, breathing exercises, relaxation, and meditation. Regular yoga practice can improve both physical and mental health.
Yoga strengthens the muscles and improves flexibility, balance, and body posture. Different yoga poses help stretch the body and reduce stiffness. It can also improve blood circulation, digestion, and breathing.
Yoga is equally beneficial for mental health. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, anger, and negative thoughts. Breathing exercises and meditation calm the mind and improve emotional stability.
Regular yoga practice also improves concentration and memory. Students can benefit from yoga because it helps them remain calm, attentive, and disciplined. It may also improve their academic performance.
Yoga can reduce the risk of lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. It improves sleep and helps people maintain a healthy body weight.
The International Day of Yoga is celebrated every year on 21 June. This occasion promotes awareness about the importance of yoga throughout the world.
Yoga does not require expensive equipment and can be practised by people of different ages. However, difficult poses should be performed under proper guidance.
In conclusion, yoga is a simple and effective way to achieve physical fitness, mental peace, and emotional balance. Everyone should practise yoga regularly to enjoy a healthier and longer life.
Yoga strengthens the muscles and improves flexibility, balance, and body posture. Different yoga poses help stretch the body and reduce stiffness. It can also improve blood circulation, digestion, and breathing.
Yoga is equally beneficial for mental health. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, anger, and negative thoughts. Breathing exercises and meditation calm the mind and improve emotional stability.
Regular yoga practice also improves concentration and memory. Students can benefit from yoga because it helps them remain calm, attentive, and disciplined. It may also improve their academic performance.
Yoga can reduce the risk of lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. It improves sleep and helps people maintain a healthy body weight.
The International Day of Yoga is celebrated every year on 21 June. This occasion promotes awareness about the importance of yoga throughout the world.
Yoga does not require expensive equipment and can be practised by people of different ages. However, difficult poses should be performed under proper guidance.
In conclusion, yoga is a simple and effective way to achieve physical fitness, mental peace, and emotional balance. Everyone should practise yoga regularly to enjoy a healthier and longer life.
b. How can a person remain mentally healthy? Give ten tips for staying mentally fresh and healthy.
Mental health is an important part of overall well-being. A mentally healthy person can manage emotions, handle stress, make sound decisions, and maintain positive relationships.
The following tips can help a person remain mentally fresh and healthy:
1. Get enough sleep: A person should sleep for an adequate number of hours each night. Good sleep helps the brain and body recover.
2. Eat healthy food: A balanced diet supports brain function and improves mood and energy.
3. Exercise regularly: Physical activity reduces stress and releases chemicals that improve mood.
4. Take regular breaks: Short breaks from work or study can prevent exhaustion and improve concentration.
5. Avoid alcohol, smoking, and drugs: These substances may damage physical and mental health.
6. Spend time in sunlight: Sunlight supports the body’s natural rhythm and can improve mood.
7. Manage stress: Meditation, deep breathing, yoga, and proper time management can reduce stress.
8. Do enjoyable activities: Reading, listening to music, gardening, drawing, or playing games can refresh the mind.
9. Stay connected with others: Talking to family members and friends provides emotional support and reduces loneliness.
10. Seek help when necessary: A person should speak to a trusted individual, counsellor, or mental-health professional when facing serious emotional difficulties.
By following these habits, a person can maintain good mental health and live a balanced and meaningful life.
The following tips can help a person remain mentally fresh and healthy:
1. Get enough sleep: A person should sleep for an adequate number of hours each night. Good sleep helps the brain and body recover.
2. Eat healthy food: A balanced diet supports brain function and improves mood and energy.
3. Exercise regularly: Physical activity reduces stress and releases chemicals that improve mood.
4. Take regular breaks: Short breaks from work or study can prevent exhaustion and improve concentration.
5. Avoid alcohol, smoking, and drugs: These substances may damage physical and mental health.
6. Spend time in sunlight: Sunlight supports the body’s natural rhythm and can improve mood.
7. Manage stress: Meditation, deep breathing, yoga, and proper time management can reduce stress.
8. Do enjoyable activities: Reading, listening to music, gardening, drawing, or playing games can refresh the mind.
9. Stay connected with others: Talking to family members and friends provides emotional support and reduces loneliness.
10. Seek help when necessary: A person should speak to a trusted individual, counsellor, or mental-health professional when facing serious emotional difficulties.
By following these habits, a person can maintain good mental health and live a balanced and meaningful life.
Grammar
B. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs from the brackets.
a. Everyone has problems in their life. Countries also have problems, and so does the world. One of the greatest problems is the growing population. The population in some countries is huge.
b. A number of my friends love riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister owns a cycle. At four o’clock, either my mother or my father is coming to pick me up in a car.
c. The pair of shoes on the floor is mine. The shoes were made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them was worth it.
C. State whether the following sentences are correct. If they are incorrect, rewrite them correctly.
a. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefits.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Every one of the workers receives the same benefits.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Every one of the workers receives the same benefits.
b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: There are two gerbils in my bathroom.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: There are two gerbils in my bathroom.
c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
Status: Correct
Correction: Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
Status: Correct
Correction: Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.
d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Scissors are used to cut hair.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Scissors are used to cut hair.
e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.
Status: Correct
Correction: You and your friends are welcome to join us.
Status: Correct
Correction: You and your friends are welcome to join us.
f. Are the news on at five or six?
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Is the news on at five or six?
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Is the news on at five or six?
g. The man with all his children live in the city.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: The man with all his children lives in the city.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: The man with all his children lives in the city.
h. Mathematics are Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Mathematics is Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.
Status: Incorrect
Correction: Mathematics is Prem’s favourite subject, while Economics is Alina’s favourite subject.
